Exegesis

The term Exegesis is the objective interpretation of a text based on its original context, while eisegesis is the subjective interpretation of a text based on the reader's own ideas, this article from Neslon Univerity is a great overview of the different methods.

How to start great way to start with Exegesis is to use this following checklist I have made:

• Genre: Remember which style of literature is being used.
• Textual Criticism: Observe Textual Variants, if any exist. Study the manuscript evidence to determine the original text’s exact wording.
• Historical-cultural context: Understand the situation in which the author composed the literature and any historical-cultural details that the author mentions or probably assumes.
• Word studies: Check the grammar surrounding the words in the passage. Make sure the word usage is consistent across the Bible, chapter and passage.
• Cross references: Scripture should interpret scripture, compare this teaching with other Bible verses (more then one book is a huge plus)

This helps avoid doing a "fitting" argument. Where you can make just about anything fit with a interpretation or a verse out of context.